Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene Essay Example

Compose Amirs journal for the day he witnesses Hassans assault, clarifying his emotions and why he didn't mediate Essay There are two things I cannot quit contemplating: the renunciation in Hassans face, and his earthy colored corduroy pants which were lay against the heap of disintegrated blocks. I nearly said something. Nearly. Yet, I will never be the mard my dad anticipates that me should be. Never be a genuine man. In any case, does it make a difference now? Was everything justified, despite all the trouble? All things considered, Baba is glad for me now, and he doesnt need to realize what I did. What's more, presently, it will be joyfully ever after, obviously. For what reason would it be a good idea for me to let Hassan ruin that for me? All things considered, isnt he only a Hazara? My Hazara? He is only the sheep I needed to kill to win Baba. What's more, I did it; I won Baba. At the point when I got back with the kite, my blue kite, and Baba had invited me, similar to a saint, at last recognizing my value, I had disregarded it, only for a moment. Also, that felt better. In any case, presently, I am shameful. I will never grow up to resemble Baba, never have a notoriety like his. Never have his nang. Namoos. His respect and his pride. Since I am a weakling, and that is all I try to be. Baba even stated, dislike different young men, and dislike him. Furthermore, hes right. I didn't do anything. I just stood and watched my sheep, my Hassan, get ready to be butchered. And afterward I ran. I didnt need to get injured. I didnt need to confront Assef. I didnt need to spare him. Furthermore, I wish things had turned out another way, I truly do, yet they never could have in light of the fact that I am a quitter. We will compose a custom paper test on Write Amirs journal for the day he witnesses Hassans assault, clarifying his sentiments and why he didn't mediate explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Write Amirs journal for the day he witnesses Hassans assault, clarifying his sentiments and why he didn't intercede explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Write Amirs journal for the day he witnesses Hassans assault, clarifying his emotions and why he didn't intercede explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Baba could never at any point take a gander at me again on the off chance that he comprehended what I did. Ive at long last did right by him, at last won his heart. Yet, that would all change in the event that he knew. What's more, presently Im uncertain with respect to which one Id rather have; Babas love, or Hassans unadulterated commitment. Hassan is the person who has consistently cherished me. His first word was Amir. We had a fellowship, a family relationship that nothing could break, since we had taken care of from a similar bosom. We were the rulers of Kabul. Presently I cannot look at him without flinching. Im excessively scared of what I will see. Does he realize I know? Will he censure me for what was the deal? Or on the other hand more terrible, will he despite everything call me his closest companion, despite everything take a gander at me with sincere dedication? In the event that I were progressively similar to Hassan or Baba, or some other kid my age, I could have battled for him, much the same as he generally accomplishes for me. In any case, presently Im going to battle. Battle against him. How might I live with him continually being here? I dont need Baba giving any of his freshly discovered expressions of love for me to Hassan either. I can be the person who makes his stone bounce the most time now, Im the person who can care for myself, and Im the person who father is pleased with. Presently there will be no explanation concerning why Baba should ever praise Hassan again, and never observe me bomb close to him. Baba will consistently adore me more, starting now and into the foreseeable future. Without Hassan here any more, perhaps I can overlook what I have done, and I can acknowledge Babas love without blame.

The Relationship Between Language and Content in Poetry Essay Example

The Relationship Between Language and Content in Poetry Essay Example The Relationship Between Language and Content in Poetry Essay The Relationship Between Language and Content in Poetry Essay Paper Topic: Verse Numerous tallented artists portray words as apparatuses of verbal language used to manufacture a picture in people groups mind and to move a feeling or win a specific reason. David Waggoners Their Bodies, Langston Hughes Share-Croppers, and Ruth Collins The Song of the Factory Worker is three specific sonnets that were examined in correlation styles and the redemption of words. The three sonnets share certain highlights for all intents and purpose. The highlights between the three sonnets identifies with ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, work and the connection between lifes preliminaries. The creator Ruth Collins breaks down the snags ladies confronted working in a manufacturing plant. The Red block working with numerous windows is a similarity to prison or jail dividers. For instance, jail dividers or prison dividers are worked with blocks. Youre like a vampire, for any place I go, you know Im returning to you is a similarity of each course detainees take in the jail framework returns to blocks with no way to get away. This specific sonnet portrays the enormous sounds that exist in the plant. A few sounds were The buzz, hum of the apparatus and The snap of the tacker. Nonetheless, the most intrigued line with regards to the sonnet that stuck in the psyche of the peruser was the worn out peered toward ones. This specific line is a case of each individual having a long, tedious, and occupied day at work. For instance, if Bradley Jordan has a lot of work requests to finish at work, the qualities of his physical appearance toward the day's end is moderate strolling and tired-eyes. The peruser most essential line was the red-haired young lady, when the sun sets her head burning. This line depicts the qualities of a specific lady, working in a plant, keeping up her excellence. The female assembly line laborer will sew until she turns into a drained looked at one. In Langston Hughess sonnet, he conveys a considerably more irate methodology. In the start of the sonnet, he states Just a group of Negroes Driven to the field. This specific line depicts Negroes as quiet livestock, similar to oxens or jackasses. They were required to proceed to work in the cotton field with no acknowledgment of knowledge or individual worth. Langston Hughes transparently communicates his feeling in this sonnet. The explanation for the maltreatment was the skin shading. Hughes is unmistakably furious and vexed in view of the bondage with African American specialists. The maltreatment had no reasonable start and the end won't be forgiving. David Wagoners sonnet, Their Bodies, is an extraordinary and clashing bit of work. Wagoner utilization of illustrations dismembered subjects and communicated poise for the person. He likewise made notice to the peruser that every method was guiltless or once a parent. David clarifies that bodies ought to be taken care of really and amenably. The three sonnets reminded the perusers through representations that a people esteem is especially not dictated by age, sex, or race. Why the people in these specific sonnets retaliate against the misery, torment, and suffocation? In the sonnet The Song of the Factory Worker, Collins portrayed the red block working as an awful medication propensity. The people need to leave, however they are brought back on account of their glad subjugation, the cheerful chuckling and the tunes they sing. This portrayal is much the same as medication someone who is addicted needing to stop drugs. People utilizing drugs need to stop, yet the servitude of a vibe decent high keeps them returning. Langston Hughes communicates a lot of outrage toward suppression and bigotry. He is an African American author, who is irate with himself and his siblings. Hughes doesn't portray alluring components of a lady or excellent hues in a butterfly. Step by step passes by and we are not much, the peruser could envision the Negroes torments and comprehend why they thought there was no expectation. The sweet and settle sonnet was the Their Bodies. This specific sonnet opposes people that secure information as a matter of fact. The body is a powerful vessel that has a name, past, and family. The elderly person is portrayed as scars of steel-plant on the backs of his hands, on the scruff of his neck, on his arms and strong legs. Expecting this is certainly not an otherworldly work of Jesus, the dead body is a marvel. The perusers are reminded to their best to adapt genuinely and obligingly. The three sonnets are composed with phenomenal, amazing, and extraordinary figurative language. Despite the fact that the positions are extraordinary, the plot of every sonnet relates working. Regardless of whether white or dark, old or youthful, female or male, the sonnets show pride for people.

Self-discovery in Desolation Angels Essay -- Desolation Angels Essays

Self-disclosure in Desolation Angels Stripped to its barest basics, Jack Kerouac's epic Desolation Angels peruses as a medication incited trance of easygoing sex (or dreams thereof), blended into a softening of jazz and verse. The frequently youthful desires of Kerouac's character Jack Duluoz, be that as it may, are unimportant scenes in the quick paced, compose it-as-you-might suspect it, pre-scholarly reputation stage in the life of a man who basically established the Beat age. In spite of the fact that the flooding continuous flow that includes this book appears to be without a doubt unconstrained, Desolation Angels really analyzes, in a generally direct and obviously sorted out way, the condition of human isolation. Dashing from a Forest Service peak station to San Francisco, from Tangiers to London, and slipping from dejection to jazz clubs loaded with felines, from a morphine someone who is addicted's space to the home of his weaving French Canadian mother, the blessed messengers of destruction take on shifting sh apes, constantly trailing Duluoz/Kerouac. The epic starts as Duluoz/Kerouac rises Desolation Peak on Starvation Ridge in the High Cascades for a seventy-day work as a post for woodland fires. He at first envisions with relish the possibility of a confinement that will permit him to contemplate the importance of this presence and enduring and going forward and backward futile without the interruptions of companions, medications or liquor Yet as the days break down into one another perpetually, he starts to feel sick of the repetitiveness of Desolation. The unmistakable void welcome him from his viewpoint mirrors the vacuity of life through his eyes. Entitled Destruction in Solitude, this section records his brain designs as he loses hope over the Void, an unsure substance that represents an interminable, immense, unconcerned power of ... ...r undying dedication to him, and this appears to in part clarify the wellspring of his resentment. He grieves the way that an animal as healthy and unadulterated as she will definitely develop old and bite the dust without leaving an imprint on anybody yet himself and his sister. However in tolerating her mortality, he, without precedent for the book, finds an all-encompassing feeling of harmony. All through the entirety of his prior excursions and ventures, he looked for tranquility, just to be trailed by Desolation. Here, at long last, taking a transport the nation over with solid yet honest Memere, does he abandon them. In seeing this change, the peruser comprehends that steady development can't impact a feeling of spot, as Duluoz/Kerouac had thought all through his transient trips. Just confronting our associations with those we really love can respond to our inquiries in regards to who we are in this stirred up world. Â

Potential Impact Of Online Sales To The Company Marketing Essay

Potential Impact Of Online Sales To The Company Marketing Essay Our Company, Houston Incorporated has chosen to venture into online deals. The objective is to keep on selling our items in the retail locations situated all through the United States yet in addition build up a nearness on the World Wide Web. Your organization has as of late chose to venture into online deals. The organization wishes to keep on selling its items in the retail locations situated all through the United States openings accessible for retail deals and give a report to your director which incorporates the focal points and burdens if showcasing on the web, As Marketing Manager, I was entrusted to inquire about web based advertising openings accessible for retail deals. This report traces the points of interest and drawbacks of web showcasing, the potential effect of online deals to the organization, and the prerequisites for a fruitful internet advertising effort. Showcasing and selling products online electronically is made conceivable by programming programs that execute the fundamental elements of an internet business application. This delicate empowers item show, internet requesting, and web based handling. Web based promoting incorporates both e-business and internet business. Internet business common alludes to exchanges including the trading of cash, for example, offering items to clients. E-business is a more extensive term that incorporates furnishing clients with depictions and particulars for a given item. Internet advertising offer numerous favorable circumstances as this report will appear. Having a nearness on the World Wide Web offers the chance to arrive at clients on a national level as well as all around. Working together multi day a week and 24 hours daily is a reality with web based promoting. The social event and examination of data accumulate by means of web based showcasing is conceivable. This data can be utilized to improve advertising methodologies both on the web and in conventional retail section. The favorable circumstances far exceed the detriments. Increment deals, expanded brand acknowledgment combined with the ease of working on the web prompts increment income. These are just a couple of the general effect of web based promoting. Executing a thorough internet advertising plan envelops for all intents and purposes indistinguishable procedures and strategies from customary showcasing. It likewise requires the foundation of a site for item show, web based requesting, and online installment frameworks to process installments. The choice to venture into online deals is defended by this exploration. Venture into online deals is a substantially more savvy mean of developing the organization. The suggested model is coordination of the customary retail section with the new online arm. This is contrary to building up an absolutely online business. The present showcasing methodologies can be changed to incorporate the online fragment and used to advance the site. Presentation The web is turning into the town square for the worldwide town of tomorrow. That statement was credited to Bill Gates, Cofounder of Microsoft. Tomorrow has come and as per an article on Reuters site, Online retail deals in the United States could reach $248.7 billion by 2014, growing 60 percent from 2009. As Marketing Manager, my main responsibility is to do statistical surveying and create advertise procedures. This report will plot the favorable circumstances and weaknesses if promoting on the web, the focal points and detriments if showcasing on the web, the potential effect of online deals to the organization, and the prerequisites for a fruitful web based advertising effort. The objective of web based advertising, like customary showcasing, is to convey and offer some incentive to the client and oversee associations with clients that advantage the organization and partners. Web based showcasing incorporates both e-business and online business. Web based businesses regular alludes to exchanges including the trading of cash, for example, offering items to clients. E-business is a more extensive term that incorporates giving clients portrayals and particulars for a given item. Showcasing and selling products online electronically is made conceivable by programming programs that execute the principle elements of a web based business application. This delicate empowers item show, web based requesting, and online installment preparing. The upsides of web based advertising, including the capacity to arrive at a bigger market, far exceed the hindrances. Web based offering will in general be serious and may require lower estimating. This is one of only a handful scarcely any hindrances. Foundation of an all around nearness and expanded deals are ways that the organization can be affected. Be that as it may, having a web nearness doesn't ensure achievement. It requires a thorough advertising procedure planned for drawing in new clients to our site. Internet promoting has its own procedure and instruments that add to the accomplishment of showcasing objectives and goals. . Research Findings Points of interest: Like customary business, web based promoting presents numerous points of interest and drawbacks. Notwithstanding, the benefits of web based showcasing altogether exceed its hindrances. Internet promoting can extend the geographic reach of the organization by getting to clients in business sectors where the organization doesn't have a physical nearness. In the internet business world, working together around the world, 7 days per week, 24 hours daily is a reality. (Hossein Bidgoli, 2002) Online Marketing or web based business makes the capacity to sell for all intents and purposes any item that can be sold in a conventional retail condition. Evenings, ends of the week, occasions, and time zones are no obstructions to online business. Internet advertising can likewise arrive at clients that for different reasons can not by and by visit a customary retail location. Another bit of leeway of web based business is the capacity to accumulate extra data about the client by means of devices, for example, treats, email, and online reviews. This data can be utilized to customize advertising endeavors in a manner that can prompt higher exchange volumes. Online business likewise gives expanded adaptability to clients. Clients can make buys without leaving the solace of their homes. The client doesn't need to manage the problem of stopping or the concern of losing contact with their little youngsters introduced by conventional retail strategies. Shopping errands can be cultivated from the security of their homes with a couple of snaps of a mouse. Obviously, expanded deals are the main thing individuals thing about when they think about online market. Statistical surveying shows that online deals are inclining up in spite of the current discouraged retail advertise. . Income produced by online organizations and the online piece of customary retail organizations surpass $96 billion out of 2006, up from $86 billion of every 2004, as per the U.S. Registration Bureau. An addition al bit of leeway of web based advertising is diminished expense. Customary retail organizations have overhead costs that related with internet promoting. These incorporate utilities, protection, store rent, and work. Lower overhead expense by and large outcome in lower in general expense and expanded income. In this way, online development will give the organization an all inclusive nearness at a relative ease. Weaknesses: Web based shopping isn't appealing to all buyers. They refer to the loss of social contact experienced when shopping with others. While numerous scientists don't perceive any crucial contrasts between the conventional and web based purchasing conduct, it is regularly contended that another progression has been added to the internet purchasing process: the progression of building trust or certainty. (Constantinides, 2004) Many customers are worried about the protection and security issues related with working together on the web. Practically 95% of Web clients have declined to give individual data to Web destinations one after another or another when inquired. (Otto Chung, 2000) Credit card misrepresentation, undesirable sales, and utilization of their data for other than its planned object are a couple of the reasons refered to. The trouble in pulling in clients is another weakness to web based advertising. That, combined with expanded rivalry because of the simplicity of relative sh opping incredibly diminishes the engaging quality of internet advertising. Online customers can rapidly get to data from other online organizations and settle on better choices. Actually, a few sites are planned exclusively for that reason. Accordingly, web based evaluating is extremely serious. Furthermore, internet promoting doesn't bear the cost of the purchasers the advantage of inspecting and figuring out the quality and attack of product sold on the web and by and large require the vender to have liberal return and discount approaches. The absence of after deals administration is another worry of online customers. Time additionally is an issue with web based promoting in that buyers can't take quick ownership of their buys and are confronted with included cost for quicker conveyance. Potential effect of online deals to the organization: The best effect on the organization might be the foundation of a universally nearness. This implies organization development at relative minimal effort. . Web based advertising doesn't require the overhead expense related with keeping up a physical store. This outcomes in lower cost, expanded proficiency and more noteworthy overall revenue. Another potential effect, online deals increments in-store deals. Having an online nearness prompts expanded brand acknowledgment and thusly prompts expanded in-store deals. On the other hand, not having an online nearness implies loss of potential significant clients. Internet promoting makes the chance to cooperate with clients. Trade of data encourages item and procedure improvement and can prompt more noteworthy consumer loyalty. It additionally takes into consideration more noteworthy adaptability in that site data, for example, value, item accessibility, and advancement can be promptly balanced in light of economic situations. Data accumulat ed by means of online deals data can be utilized while thinking about future extension of the customary retail activities. Prerequisites for an effective web based advertising effort Creating

Corporation and Profit Retention Essay

Sole Proprietorship: This is by a long shot the most widely recognized type of business. It is the most well-known on the grounds that it is the least demanding to shape. So as to make this sort of business one basically needs to â€Å"hang their shingle out† and let the trade start. Anyway with such restricted oversight likewise comes boundless obligation. Risk Liability presentation with sole ownerships is an immense disadvantage.. The proprietor and the business, legitimately, are indeed the very same. This leaves all the proprietors property ( and the business resources since they are very much the same) in danger. Annual Tax-There are no genuine expense focal points at this level. It is known as a â€Å"pass through† element. The pay that is produced goes through the business to the proprietor. Charges are paid at the individual level. Life span Unless the proprietors will gives explicit heading in the opposite, the business is legitimately connected to the proprietors wellbeing. Since the proprietor and the business are lawfully vague from each other when the proprietor kicks the bucket the business additionally bites the dust. Control-Unlimited control is another alluring nature of Sole Proprietorships. Since lawfully there is no partition you may do with the organization as you see fit. From what administrations are offered to what the logo resembles all choices are the proprietors to make. Benefit Retention-Since the proprietors endeavors alone are liable for the measure of benefit created, they keep everything. After the representatives ( if any ) are paid what is left is the owner’s. Since they have all out control, they may reinvest it in the organization or they make take it hard and fast. Area Since there is no lawful desk work recorded with any state organization, moving areas is as basic as heading to another state and opening for business. That being said on the off chance that you required state permit in the first state, you would require the identical in the new area. Comfort/Burden-There are no authoritative reports that should be recorded with any state office. Proprietor and friends are indissoluble so there is no administrative work saying something else. At the most you may need to document a Doing Business As (D.B.A. ) with your neighborhood charge office to permit you to open a bank in the company’s name. General Partnership: This kind of organization is typically shaped when at least two people with various ranges of abilities get together. Every member carries with them their own understanding and aptitudes so as to make another endeavor. While the liabilities are not bore alone, the accomplices are not protected from them. Risk While they are part in a foreordained rate, the liabilities of a General organization are boundless. There is nothing that is off the table including your own advantages. Personal Tax-There is no genuine assessment cover gave at this level. Pay that is created is â€Å"passed through† to the accomplices. They will pay charges at the individual level. There are in any case, different tax documents that should be rounded out. Life span When an accomplice kicks the bucket the association stops to exist. The accomplices may not give the first organization consent to their beneficiaries. There might be a purchase/sell condition in the articles of organization. Control-Complete control is offered up to a vote of the general accomplices. On the off chance that there is no accord made, the articles of association should direct how the contradiction is taken care of. Benefit Retention-After the business obligations are paid, the accomplices split the net benefit. The articles of organization will for the most part direct the rates, and if no notice is made it is accepted it is part equitably. Area The way that an organization isn't it’s own legitimate element makes it generally simple to move. In the event that there is a market in another area there is almost no that precludes moving. Comfort/Burden-While no state/government records are required, you will require a â€Å"Articles of Partnership† drawn up. This will go about as the local laws/sanction for choices and tasks pushing ahead. There are a couple of tax documents that should be finished by the accomplices at the suitable time. Constrained Partnership: This kind of business is utilized more as a speculation vehicle than a vocation or profession. It permits a venture to be made and cultivated from a separation. On the off chance that you are the constrained accomplice however, you might not play a part in the everyday exercises or the board. Risk As a restricted accomplice your venture is your lone obligation. That being said your stake in the organization is a benefit that individual lenders may come after. Duty As a restricted accomplice your income from the organization is governmentally charged at the individual level. There are different circumstances to maintain a strategic distance from tax collection as a partnership. General accomplices must cover independent work charge. Life span A restricted organization is here and there utilized as a home arranging apparatus. In this way the progression from age to age is truly adjustable. The restricted accomplice may bite the dust and this will have next to no effect on the business. Control-As a constrained accomplice you have nothing to do with the administration or every day exercises of the business. You may not tie the organization to anything as a constrained Partner. A general accomplice runs the day by day activities and settles on the administration choices. Benefit Retention-If you are a restricted accomplice you are qualified for the endless supply of benefit simply after the general accomplice is paid. As a constrained accomplice you have next to no impact over the measure of benefit produced. Area Limited associations can change areas however it is badly arranged and could be extensively progressively costly. A few states order the documenting of tax documents for constrained associations, also a few states have state annual charges. Accommodation/Burden-Articles of Partnership are required. There are a few states witch require enlisting restricted associations, and severe consideration ought to be paid to the exercises witch the IRS considers â€Å"corporate.† C Corporations: C Corporations are a lawful substance unto themselves. They shield the investors, board individuals, and workers from liabilities. They can raise capital by selling segments of the organization, and tremendous expense provisos to protect income. With all the escape clauses anyway are colossal taxation rates, frequently over 30% of the net. Risk An organization is a lawful â€Å"being†. It tends to be sued, or bring legitimate activity against somebody. Subsequently it gives an enormous umbrella to its proprietors and employee’s the same. At the point when impropriety happens it will retain the impacts. Annual Tax-Being it’s own legitimate element isn't modest. The express that the business is situated in could force charges, just as the government corporate expense rate witch is the most noteworthy on the planet. Couple this with the way that the representatives that work there are at that point burdened again at the individual level, and you perceive how rapidly things include. Life span Corporations can possibly keep going forever. Because of the way that authority is so decentralized, one individual getting sick or leaving the organization is close to an obstruction. You could pass on your offers or stake in an organization through legitimate domain arranging. Control-If you were to join your business it could be set up so your family consistently took a load off on the board or consistently had casting a ballot rights at an investors gatherings. Be that as it may, particularly in an open organization, you should act to the greatest advantage of the investors. Nobody individual runs a partnership alone, there are investors, and for the most part board individuals. Authority being so decentralized makes total self-rule exceptionally uncommon. Benefit Retention-As there are numerous proprietors there are additionally numerous hands in the pot. The truth of the matter is that every investor is qualified for a part of the company’s benefit in direct connection to the amount of the organization they own. In firmly held enterprises this could be 3-4 people, yet in a worldwide organization this could be a huge number of individuals. Area The national government doesn't make any partnerships. This is done at the state level. For a partnership to move between various states they would need to record as a remote enterprise. This can get costly and legitimately â€Å"sticky† when manage distinctive state laws and offices. Comfort/Burden-To join a business is generally simple. The test and weight comes in keeping it running and remaining on the best possible side of legitimate. It must record it’s own expense forms, battle with state and nearby laws, keep up the strictest bookkeeping rehearses, direct yearly investors gatherings, all while turning a benefit for its investors. No little undertaking. S Corporations-S Corporations are a legitimate element. They offer a lawful umbrella to their workers and proprietors too. They can raise capital by auctioning off little bits of themselves as stock. The S organization needs to follow indistinguishable severe bookkeeping and revealing strategies from companies, anyway their pay isn't burdened the equivalent. Obligation A S enterprise is a legitimate â€Å"being†. Hence it gives a huge umbrella of insurance for its proprietors and employee’s the same. At the point when wrongdoing happens it will ingest the impacts. Annual Tax-A S organization is a particular expense circumstance. It has the greater part of the announcing and recording prerequisites of a C corp. in any case, takes into account the â€Å"pass through† of income to the people. The organization The S corp. assignment is anyway for government purpose’s just, the express the organization is in will absolutely have it’s own laws. Life span S Corporations can possibly keep going forever. Because of the way that authority is so decentralized, one individual getting sick or leaving the organization is close to a hindrance. You could pass on your offers or stake in an organization through appropriate home arranging. You could likewise take a load off on the board held for your family/beneficiaries. Control-The truth of the matter is the point at which a S Corporation is shaped the partnership needs to do what is best for itself. A ton like

New Year, New Tradition

New Year, New “Tradition” Today is Chinese New Years Eve and I consider tomorrow another brand new start of my life. Tonight, I will feast with my friends on  a lot of Chinese dishes, video chat with my family, and wait to “grab” red packets on WeChat, which is a commonly used Chat APP on our cell phones. During traditional Chinese New Year, the people who are relatively older in the family will put money inside red packets and give them to younger kids. The money will be used to buy things that parents usually do not allow us to have too much of, such as snacks and toys. When I was young, I considered those red pockets a huge amount of money, and the Spring Festival is my favorite holiday because of surprising incomes. Sometimes, parents will deposit the money for us in the bank and teach us the idea of saving. In recent years, more and more people use WeChat to send and receive digital “red packets.” The most interesting part is definitely “grabbing.” The number of red packets sent out are usually limited and the money inside varies. I  feel extremely excited when I grab one successfully and get the best luck. When I talked with friends this morning, everyone was kind of complaining that they could not concentrate in class because they were so busy grabbing red packets on their phones. Usually, the red pockets can  be opened in less than 1 minute and leave other people nothing. Later, some of my friends in CS posted Python codes to help us to grab automatically. After a couple tries, I have to announce that it was useless and I would be rather sitting inside Grainger and staring at my phone with some help from the high-speed Wi-Fi. As we grow up and experience many other exciting things, we think our Chinese New Year is more and more boring. However, we always try our best to make it fun and memorable. I really like our new tradition of grabbing packets because people are more connected. This year, I sent a lot of red packets and wishes to my friends and families, and I hope everyone can enjoy this season and good luck for the next year. Here is a red packet from my BFF. Connie Class of 2018 I am double majoring in Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering and Statistics in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. My hometown is a historical and peaceful city called Suzhou, located in southeastern China.

Tips from a Physics Tutor Geometric Intuition, Part I - Vectors

Welcome back to our series of posts on building your physical intuition for E+M! In this series, we’ve looked at some physical reasoning behind Coulomb’s law, imagining point charges as radiating electric field, and saw that the Biot-Savart law gives an analogous result for magnetic fields. We then took the intuition that we’d developed for point charges and currents, and scaled it up to look at long wires and infinite sheets of charge and current. Up until now, we’ve focused on the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field. How can we easily use our physical intuition to determine the direction of the field as well? Use the geometry of the problem! Often, the first step in figuring out how to solve a problem is to look at the information the problem gives you! You should try to practice the strategy of examining the pieces of information that a problem gives you, and using them as a starting point to figure out how the pieces fit together. This strategy is extremely useful when thinking about physics intuitively, or working through the quantitative sections of the SAT or GRE. Let’s start with a simple example: finding the electric field at point P due to a point charge at point O. The only relevant vector in the problem is the displacement r, which points from the charge at O to our observation point at P. We already know that the electric field points directly towards or away from a point charge, but this is a subtly different way of thinking about it. The field is either parallel or anti-parallel to the displacement r because that is the only direction in the problem; where else could the field possibly point? What if there is more than one relevant direction in a problem? Consider the magnetic field due to a wire carrying a current I. Here, I made the current I a vector because we need to consider its direction along with the displacement r. Here, the answer is the cross-product I x r, which is perpendicular to both I and r. Again, we find out something that we already know, that the magnetic field curls around a current-carrying wire. This time, let’s think of it this way: there are two vectors in the problem and our answer needs to be a vector, so a logical choice is the cross-product of the two vectors. Hopefully, this strategy should remind you of dimensional analysis. The two techniques share a similar deductive spirit. Using dimensional analysis, you recognize that you need to put together an acceleration and a length to find a time, for example, and you realize that you can only combine them in certain ways to make the units work out. Here, you recognize that you need to put together either one or two vectors to form another vector, and there are only certain ways you can do that. The Cross-Product: A very useful concept! If you are not familiar the cross-product, the concept is simple: Say c = a x b, where a, b, and c are all vectors. The vector c is perpendicular to both a and b, and its magnitude is given by c = ab sin(ÃŽ ¸), where ÃŽ ¸ is the angle between a and b. To figure out the specific direction of c relative to a and b, you can use the familiar right hand rule: If you hold your hand as pictured above, then a points along your pointer finger, b points along your middle finger, and the cross-product c points along your thumb. The choice to use a cross-product seems arbitrary. How can I decide if I should or not? So, one vector in the problem means the answer is parallel or anti-parallel to that vector, while two vectors in the problem means the answer is parallel or anti-parallel to their cross-product? As with many sweepingly general questions, the answer is yes but no. Yes, in that the rule is very commonly true. No, in that there are many exceptions, and simply committing a rule of thumb to memory without thinking about why such a pattern exists misses the point (and the fun) of science. Cross-products tend to arise when two physical quantities that both have directions interact, and the result is some effect that also has a direction. By contrast, when you only have one physical quantity that has a direction, it tends to create effects that point either along with or opposite to its direction. This statement was abstract and a bit vague, so let’s illustrate it with some examples. Consider an electron moving in either a magnetic or electric field. For the magnetic field case, the Lorentz force law tells us that the force depends on the direction of the magnetic field relative to the direction of the electron’s motion. Since we have two quantities with direction – the field and the electron’s velocity – interacting, the next logical step is to take their cross-product. If the electron were moving in an electric field, however, the force would only depend on the direction of the electric field and the magnitude of the electron’s charge. Since nature doesn’t care where the electron is moving, the electric field should only create a force parallel or anti-parallel to its own direction. A useful analogy between E+M and mechanics We can draw an analogy here between electric versus magnetic fields on the one hand, and linear versus rotational motion on the other. In both cases, there are deep similarities between the two concepts being compared. We’ve already explored some of the parallels between electricity and magnetism, and you have probably noticed that linear and angular motion involve several of the same quantities – velocity, momentum, mass/moment of inertia, force/torque – arranged in analogous ways. For electricity and linear motion, we are dealing with fields and motion relative to a point. What is the electric field due to this collection of point charges? The car starts at this point and accelerates eastward, so what are its velocity and displacement? The point charge and the car’s origin have no direction; they simply exist at a given location. Here, all the calculations generally involve motion/acceleration/fields/forces parallel to some direction or another; this is why we can decouple vertical from horizontal motion when considering the flight of a cannonball, for example. For magnetism and rotational motion, the fields and motion depend intimately on some vector. What is the magnetic field due to a current moving in this direction? What is the angular momentum of a top spinning around that axis of rotation? In these cases, we need to know where the current is pointing relative to our observation point, or how all the bits of mass in the top are moving relative to the top’s center in order to answer the question. In these contexts, the cross-product – the simplest way math offers to combine two vectors representing different physical quantities to form a new vector – is ubiquitous. Some less obvious E+M examples To drive home the idea of considering the vectors involved to find an electric or magnetic field, let’s return to the example of an infinite plane of charge or current. We’ve already seen that the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field produced by the infinite plane does not depend on the distance from the plane, but what about the direction of the field? Let’s first think about the vectors in the problem. How do you characterize the direction of a plane? Consider describing the direction of the surface of a table. There are an infinite number of vectors that lie in the plane, just as you can put your pencil on the table and point it north, or east, or south-by-southwest, etc. The best way to describe the table is to say that it is horizontal. That is, no matter how you place your pencil, it will always be perpendicular to vertical. Mathematically, then, the best way to describe the orientation of a plane is to give the direction of its normal vector, the vector the sticks straight out of the plane at a 90 degree angle all around. For an infinite plane of charge, the electric field must point either parallel or anti-parallel to the only direction in the problem. That is, the electric field at all points must point directly toward or away from the plane, depending on the sign of the plane’s charge. Intuitively, this makes perfect sense. Imagine flying in an airplane above a perfectly smooth sea. North, south, east, and west are meaningless to you, and the only directions you can distinguish are up and down. For an infinite plane of current, you have the direction that defines the orientation of the plane and the direction of the current within the plane. If we take the cross-product of these two vectors, we find that the magnetic field flows parallel to the direction of the plane, but perpendicular to the direction of the current. Again, this makes perfect intuitive sense. Picture boxes in a warehouse sliding along a track of rollers. For each roller, the surface of the cylinder spins around the roller’s center, much like a single current-carrying wire creates a field that wraps around the wire. Placed closely enough together, though, the rollers create a smooth horizontal motion, and the surface of one roller comes up to meet the box as the surface of the previous roller drops away. Analogously, if you imagine the infinite plane of current as a flat collection of wires stuck together, then the wires together create a magnetic field that flows smoothly along the surface of the pl ane, while the components of the individual fields that point toward or away from the plane are cancelled away. Two important tools in your geometric intuition toolbox Looking at the vectors given to you in a problem is sometimes not enough to give you your answer. Consider a ring of charge, an electrified donut, and you need to find the field in the center of the hole. Using the analysis we described above, we might say that the electric field points straight out of the hole, perpendicular to the diameter of the ring. This answer, however, is incorrect. In addition to considering the geometry of the problem, we must also consider its symmetry! In the next post, we’ll explore how symmetry and geometry together can be a powerful combo for helping you reason through physics problems. ;

Essay Government Funding for the Arts

People have been arguing about whether government should fund the arts for a long, long time. Some consider it to be an important part of redistribution of wealth, pumping money into people capable of creating works of art but incapable of doing it in a manner that would support themselves and their vocational choice. Others consider it to be immoral and counter-productive: government doesn’t get money from thin air, it comes from tax-payers. And why should people who have no interest in arts in general or in a particular kind of arts finance people who are incapable of making themselves interesting enough to be supported voluntarily? In addition to using tax money in a way that doesn’t necessarily benefits tax-payers, such practice leads to the appearance of people who feed off the grants without providing anything in return. Is It Effective? But leaving moral viewpoint aside, let’s ask ourselves: is government funding for the arts even effective in any way? Let’s look at two different approaches to the problem. European countries traditionally do a lot of income redistribution, and they don’t leave out arts as well, pumping astounding sums of money into various grants every year, regulating their activity and supporting artists. The practice of governmental funding exists in the United States as well, but at a much smaller scale. However, the USA compensates for it the usual way – by means of private enterprise. Charitable tax deduction, while not funding the arts directly, provides great incentives for businesses and individuals to support non-profit organizations – the ones dealing with the arts included. Also, let’s not forget about another, age-old way of supporting arts: by voting for what is really good with your dollar. Yes, most of arts funding in the USA comes from private sectors: in the form of bought tickets and donations. And the amounts received this way are much higher than what European countries give their artists by means of taking tax money and giving it directly to the artists. Is It Stable? Another catch of government funding for the arts is that it is extremely precarious thing to base your arts career on. Practice shows that in times of economic crises arts spending becomes one of the first things government tries to save on. As a result, people, organizations and entire industries which are not used to funding for themselves face very grim prospects: aside from the government, nobody is really interested in them. So what are the main characteristics of governmental funding for the arts? It doesn’t actually help artists progress – what is the worth of art if nobody wants to support it voluntarily? It may disappear at any moment, once the country faces economic problems. It is simply less effective in generating financial support than private sector. Recent economic recession hit European arts especially hard, because they are mostly supported by the government, while American non-profit organizations mostly managed to survive it quite well. The reason is simple – when you redistribute income by force, people are much less eager to do charity on their own. This was an example of the essay on Government Funding for the Arts, written by the writers of our custom writing service. To buy an essay on the necessary topic, please, fill in the Free Inquiry form in the top right corner of this page.

Timeline for Applying to Law School

As most people are aware, preparing to pursue a career in law involves a total of eight years of education, starting with a bachelors degree in a similar field. Therefore, it is advised that hopeful applicants to law school should begin preparing to apply at least a year ahead of time, during the junior and senior year of their bachelors program.   Discover the timeline below to find out the best methods for applying for and completing your law school degree, the first step into an exciting career in the field.   Junior Year First things first: do you want to go to law school? Around the beginning of the junior year of your bachelor degree, you should determine if a path into law is right for you. If so, you can begin researching law schools to apply to on the LSAC site  and schedule your  LSAT  for either February or June of the following semester.   During the following months, its best to begin preparation for this all-important test. If you are taking the LSAT in February, immerse yourself in studying. Consider taking a preparation course or hiring a tutor. Review test prep books and take as many exams as you have access to. Registration for each exam must be completed at least  30 days before the tests — remember that seats do fill up at testing locations, so booking early is advised. Developing relationships with professors in the field would also be advisable at this time. You will need them to write  recommendation letters  for your application. Cultivate relationships with these faculty, and they will have a positive response (and good things to say) when it is time for you to ask. You should also meet with a pre-law advisor or another faculty member who can provide you with information and feedback on your progress toward gaining admission into law school.   In the spring (or summer, depending on when you schedule it), you will take your LSAT. Your score will be available three weeks after the exam. If your LSAT score  is high enough for a good chance of admission, you dont have to worry with this again. However, if you feel you might do better, there are two more opportunities to retake the LSAT: once in June and again in October.   Summer Between Junior and Senior Year If you need to retake the LSAT, remember to register more than 30 days in advance for the June test. If you still dont believe the score is good enough to get you into your chosen  law schools, you may retake it in October. In that case, spend the summer studying up and meeting with other professionals in the field to get insight on how best to take the test.   At this time, it is essential that you register with the LSDAS and begin your Credential Assembly Service application, complete with having your higher education  transcripts sent to LSDAS. You should also start finalizing your list of top choices of schools youd like to apply for. Narrowing down your selection will prevent wasting money on applications to schools you dont want and help in understanding what you should be sending out in your resumes (each school is slightly different).   Spend the summer gathering each schools application materials, downloading applications and requesting additional information and materials as needed. Draft your  personal statement and review it with your advisor, other professors, friends and family and anyone else who will read it and give feedback. Edit this and draft your resume, again seeking feedback for both.   Fall, Senior Year As you enter your senior year, it is time to  request recommendation letters from faculty  who you have developed relationships with throughout your schooling. Youll typically want to send three of these letters along with each application. You will then need to provide the letter writer with  a copy of your resume, transcript and a summary of aspects of your academic, professional and personal life accomplishments for them to consider. If needed, continue updating your resume and take the October LSAT for your final chance to garner the highest score.   If you require financial aid, complete the  Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), which makes you eligible to apply for it. Triple-check your law school applications before finalizing them with the Credential Application Service. Then prepare and submit  law school application forms to each school. It is important now to confirm that each application was received and is complete. Typically you will receive an email or postcard. If you dont, make contact with the admissions office. During this time, also do not forget to submit completed financial aid applications. Acceptance, Rejection or Wait-Listed It is important to keep your LSAC profile up to date, so submit your updated transcript to the LSAC upon entering the final semester of your senior year. As soon as January,  acceptance, rejection and wait-list letters begin to roll in. You will now need to evaluate acceptances and wait-list letters to determine which ones you will pursue further. If your application was rejected, evaluate your application and consider  reasons why  and  how to improve, if you decide to reapply. It is recommended that you visit law schools youve been accepted to, if possible. This way you can get a feel for not only the academic environment of the schools curriculum but also a feel for the community, landscape, location and campus of your preferred schools. If youve been accepted to multiple institutions, these could be the determining factors that help you choose which law school youll ultimately go to.   In any case, you should send thank you notes to faculty who have helped you. Let them know the outcome of your application and thank them for their help. Once you graduate college, send your final transcript to the school that you will attend.   Then, enjoy your last summer before law school and good luck in your next higher institution of learning.

Biography of Manuel Noriega, Panamanian Dictator

Manuel Noriega was a Panamanian general and dictator who ruled the Central American nation from 1983 to 1990. Like other Latin American authoritarian leaders, he was initially supported by the U.S., but then fell out of favor because of his drug smuggling and money laundering activities. His reign ended with Operation Just Cause, the U.S. invasion of Panama in late 1989 in order to oust him. Fast Facts: Manuel Noriega Full Name: Manuel Antonio Noriega MorenoKnown For: Dictator of PanamaBorn: February 11, 1934 in Panama City, PanamaDied: May 29, 2017 in Panama City, PanamaParents: Ricaurte Noriega, Marà ­a Feliz MorenoSpouse: Felicidad SieiroChildren: Sandra, Thays, LorenaEducation: Chorrillo Military Academy in Peru, Military Engineering, 1962. School of the Americas.Fun  Fact: In 2014, Noriega filed a lawsuit against a video game company, Activision Blizzard, for damaging his reputation by portraying him as a kidnapper, murderer, and enemy of the state in the game Call of Duty: Black Ops II. The lawsuit was quickly dismissed. Early Life Noriega was born in Panama City to Ricaurte Noriega, an accountant, and his maid Marà ­a Feliz Moreno. His mother gave him up for adoption at the age of five and died of tuberculosis soon after. He was raised in the Terraplà ©n slums of Panama City by a schoolteacher whom he referred to as Mama Luisa. Despite his marginalized background, he was admitted to a prestigious high school, the Instituto Nacional. He had dreams of pursuing a career in psychology, but did not have the means to do so. His half-brother obtained a scholarship for Noriega at the Chorrillo Military Academy in Lima, Peru—he had to falsify Noriegas records because he was over the age limit. Noriega graduated with a degree in military engineering in 1962. Rise to Power While a student in Lima, Noriega was recruited as an informant by the CIA, an arrangement that continued for many years. When Noriega returned to Panama in 1962, he became a lieutenant in the National Guard. Although he began to acquire a reputation as a thug and violent sexual predator, he was deemed useful to U.S. intelligence and attended military intelligence training both in the U.S. and at the infamous U.S.-funded School of the Americas, known as the school for dictators, in Panama. Noriega had a close relationship with another Panamanian dictator, Omar Torrijos, who was also a graduate of the School of the Americas. Torrijos continued to promote Noriega, although the latters many episodes of drunken, violent behavior and accusations of rape stalled his advancement. Torrijos protected Noriega from prosecution, and in exchange, Noriega did much of Torrijos dirty work. In fact, Torrijos referred to Noriega as my gangster. While the two carried out many targeted attacks on their rivals, they did not engage in the mass killings and disappearances that were utilized by other Latin American dictators, like Augusto Pinochet. Panamanian strongman Brigadier General Omar Torrijos, surrounded by supporters, addresses the nation on television following his return to Panama 12/16.   Bettmann / Getty Images Noriega had cleaned up his behavior by the time he met his wife, Felicidad Sieiro, in the late 1960s. His newfound discipline allowed him to rise quickly in the ranks of the military. During Torrijos reign, he became head of Panamanian intelligence, largely by collecting information on various politicians and judges and blackmailing them. By 1981, Noriega was receiving $200,000 per year for his intelligence services for the CIA. When Torrijos died mysteriously in a plane crash in 1981, there was no established protocol regarding a transfer of power. Following a struggle between military leaders, Noriega became the head of the National Guard and de-facto ruler of Panama. The combined Torrijos-Noriega period of rule (1968-1989) is described by some historians as one long military dictatorship. Noriegas Rule Unlike Torrijos, Noriega was not charismatic, and he preferred to rule from behind the scenes as commander of the powerful National Guard. In addition, he never espoused a specific political or economic ideology, but was motivated primarily by nationalism. In order to present his regime as non-authoritarian, Noriega held democratic elections, but they were overseen and manipulated by the military. Repression and human rights abuses increased after Noriega took power. The turning point in Noriegas dictatorship came with the brutal assassination of his most outspoken political opponent, Hugo Spadafora, a physician and revolutionary who had gotten his medical degree in Italy and fought with the Nicaraguan Sandinistas when they overthrew the Somoza dictatorship. According to historian Frederic Kempe, Hugo Spadafora was the anti-Noriega. Spadafora was charismatic and operatically handsome; Noriega was introverted and legendarily repulsive. Spadafora was optimistic and fun-loving (...) Noriegas character was as scarred as his pock-marked face. Dr. Hugo Spadafora, 39, former Deputy Health Minister of Panama who led a volunteer brigade against the Somoza government in 1979, tells a news conference in Mexico City he has offered to send an International Brigade to battle the U.S. backed Salvadoran junta.   Bettmann / Getty Images Spadafora and Noriega became rivals when the former publicly accused the latter of engaging in drug and arms trafficking and blackmail around 1980. Spadafora also warned Torrijos that Noriega was plotting against him. After Torrijos death, Noriega placed Spadafora under house arrest. However, Spadafora refused to be intimidated and spoke out even more forcefully against Noriegas corruption; he even suggested Noriega had been involved in Torrijos death. Spadafora moved his family to Costa Rica after receiving many death threats but vowed to continue fighting against Noriega. On September 16, 1985, Spadaforas body was found in a ravine near the Costa Rican-Panamanian border. He had been decapitated and his body showed evidence of horrific forms of torture. His family had published ads in a Panamanian newspaper, La Prensa, about his disappearance, demanding an investigation. Noriega claimed the murder had taken place on the Costa Rican side of the border, but evidence emerged (including witnesses) to prove that Spadafora had been detained in Panama after coming into the country on a bus from Costa Rica. When La Prensa published further evidence that Noriega was behind the assassination not only of Spadafora but of other political opponents, there was a public uproar. Relationship With the U.S. As it had done with Torrijos, the U.S. not only trained Noriega, but tolerated his authoritarian rule until his final years. The U.S. was primarily interested in protecting its economic interests in the Panama Canal (which it had funded and built), and dictators guaranteed the stability of Panama, even if it meant widespread repression and human rights abuses. Furthermore, Panama was a strategic ally for the U.S. in its fight against the spread of communism in Latin America during the Cold War. The U.S. looked the other way with regards to Noriegas criminal activity, which included drug smuggling, gun running, and money laundering, because he provided assistance with the covert Contra campaign against the socialist Sandinistas in neighboring Nicaragua. Following the revelations of the Spadafora assassination and Noriegas dismissal of Panamas democratically-elected president in 1986, the U.S. changed tactics and began reducing economic assistance to Panama. An expose of Noriegas criminal activities appeared in The New York Times, indicating that the U.S. government had long been aware of his actions. Like so many other Latin American dictators initially supported by the U.S.—such as Rafael Trujillo and Fulgencio Batista—the Reagan administration began to see Noriega as more of a liability than an asset. In 1988, the U.S. charged Noriega with drug trafficking, arguing that he was a threat to the safety of U.S. citizens living in the Panama Canal Zone. On December 16, 1989, Noriegas troops killed an unarmed U.S. Marine. The next day, General Colin Powell suggested to President Bush that Noriega be removed by force. Operation Just Cause On December 20, 1989, Operation Just Cause, the largest U.S. military operation since the Vietnam War, began with Panama City being targeted. Noriega fled to the Vatican Embassy, but—after U.S. forces utilized psyop tactics like blasting the embassy with loud rap and heavy metal music—he surrendered on January 3, 1990. He was arrested and flown to Miami to face drug trafficking charges. The number of civilian casualties of the U.S. invasion is still contested, but potentially numbered in the thousands. Panamian General Manuel Noriega (C) is brought on board a US military plane 3 January 1990 for a flight to Miami after his arrest. STF / Getty Images   Criminal Trials and Imprisonment Noriega was convicted of eight counts of drug trafficking in April 1992 and sentenced to 40 years in prison; his sentence was later reduced to 30 years. Throughout the trial, his defense team was prohibited from making mention of his longstanding relationship with the CIA. Nonetheless, he received special treatment in prison, serving his time in the presidential suite in Miami. He became eligible for parole after 17 years in prison due to good behavior, but several other countries were awaiting his release to indict him on other charges. Ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega is shown in this Justice Department mug shot released by the U.S. Attorneys office in Miami.   Bettmann / Getty Images After a lengthy fight by Noriega to avoid extradition, the U.S. extradited Noriega to France in 2010 to face money laundering charges related to his dealings with Colombian drug cartels. He was convicted and sentenced to seven years. However, in late 2011, France extradited Noriega to Panama to face three 20-year sentences for the murder of three political rivals, including Spadafora; he had been convicted in absentia while in prison in the U.S. He was 77 years old at the time and in ill health. Death In 2015, Noriega issued a public apology to his fellow Panamanians for actions taken during his military regime, though he didnt admit to any specific crimes. In 2016 he was diagnosed with a brain tumor, and in early 2017 a Panamanian court ruled that he could prepare for and recover from surgery at home under house arrest. In March 2017, Noriega underwent surgery, suffered severe hemorrhaging, and was placed in a medically-induced coma. On May 29, 2017, Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela announced the death of Manuel Noriega. Sources Manuel Noriega Fast Facts. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/19/world/americas/manuel-noriega-fast-facts/index.html, accessed 8/2/19.Galvà ¡n, Javier. Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2013.Kempe, Frederick. Divorcing the Dictator: Americas Bungled Affair with Noriega. London: I.B. Tauris Co, Ltd., 1990.

Homeless And Homelessness - 781 Words

-The word homeless is used to describe a person without a home, and therefore typically living on the streets. Homelessness is described as part of a vicious circle that is difficult for many to escape. -More temporary shelters and rehabilitation sessions to help individuals find employment should be provided to assist the homeless in recovering their previous life. -Many homeless individuals, especially the young, have fallen victim to a complex mesh of social, economic and mental disadvantages. In 2009, a study by social researchers in Melbournes RMIT showed that 30% of homeless people suffered from a mental disorder. -The causes of homelessness among majority of young people are strongly linked to relationship and family†¦show more content†¦Therefore when one catches a virus such as measles it rapidly spreads from one person to another due to constant migration and close contact. -Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in the Northern Territory do not feel safe or welcomed to get help financially, and to see a doctor when not in good health. They associate hospitals and doctors with death, therefore, out of fear they do not visit neither of the two. Therefore, many succumb to their illnesses without the aid of medical assistance. -More than 25% of homeless people are made up of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Australians -30% of homeless people in Australia are born overseas -NSW had approximately 28,000 homeless people in the state, Victoria has approximately 23,000 homeless people, Queensland has approximately 20,000 homeless individuals, South Australia has approximately 6,000 homeless individuals, Western Australia has approximately around 9,500 homeless individuals, Tasmania has approximately 1,600 homeless individuals, the Northern Territory has approximately a shocking 15,500 homeless individuals and the ACT has approximately 1,800 homeless individuals. -6% of homeless individuals in Australia are staying at improvised dwellings, tents or sleeping out, 20% are supported by accommodation for the homeless, 17% are staying temporarily with other households, a further 17% are resigning at boarding houses, 1% inhabit other temporary lodging and aShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : Homeless And Homeless991 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as Homelessness. 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Federal programs provide funding for specific sub-groups with the idea that providing housing for these groups will end the national problem. Without continued analysis of the social construction that hinders the homeless population, funding will not reach the target destination resulting in misplaced effort. This paper provides an informational and critical analysis of homelessness in the United States and the relationshipRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Youth1442 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a major problem in the United States. An incredibly vulnerable group is the homeless youth due to their you ng age and lack of education. According to Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik (2012) on any particular night in the United States there are ~2 million homeless youth living on the streets, in shelters, or in other temporary accommodation. Youth become homeless for multiple reasons whether it be because they have aged out of foster care, ran from home, were kicked out of their home

Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) Free Essays

string(151) " choosing a person to ostracize, broken shards of pottery called ostrakon would be used with the intended person of exile name, etched onto the shard\." DESTINED FOR WAR Jarod Bleibdrey, M. S. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) or any similar topic only for you Order Now J January 20, 2013 As humans have evolved into vast, complex civilizations, a growing trend became notable to mankind, which was corruption. Speculating that Herodotus was the first true historian, and Thucydides was the second, then the Peloponnesian War would be the first form of government corruption in which war became inevitable. At this point, the war varies in perception of the two great alliances, and why the war was even fought. This essay will demonstrate how the Peloponnesian War stood as a great example of how superpowers become thrust into battle with one another, based upon corruption, vast difference in lifestyles, and the urging from smaller entities. Focus will be on how both Athens and Sparta’s political, social and diplomatic systems forced them into battle, but the battles themselves are of little concern in this essay. It was the â€Å"behind the scenes† events that can best explain and summarize the war. With the focus laying upon the causes of the war, it becomes important to remember that, what began as a great alliance, turned into the devastation of Greece and allowed the conquest of Philip of Macedonia to commence. Let us begin with the culture of Athens and Sparta, in an attempt to explain the vast contrast within the two city-states. The Spartans were obsessed with their military superiority, while the Athenians were interested in comfort and culture. Granted, the Athenian Navy was the strongest maritime force of the age, but more on this when we get to corruption. The culture of Athens and Sparta was different to their core; everything from political to daily living conflicted, causing them to become competitive and distrustful of each other. The Spartan government was a very complex structure, which consisted of a dual monarchy, a warrior assembly (apella), a council of elders (gerousia) and the ephors. Herodotus claims that the two royal families of Sparta, which consisted of the Agiadai and Eurypontidai families, shared a common ancestry and could trace their lineage back to Herakles himself. Thus making the royal families by blood lines, which would be unable to be displaced, as opposed to that of military power, which could be overthrown. The kings were limited in their power as they only held command of the military. They had no influence in the laws which were left to the apella, gerousia and ephors. The apella was composed of every Spartan warrior who had reached the age of thirty. The apella’s primary functions included electing members for the gerousia, and the ephors. The apella held the ultimate power on matters of legislation and policy. The manner in which they voted was through a process of acclamation. Above the apella was the gerousia, which consisted of the two kings and twenty-eight members of Spartan warriors who had reached the age of sixty. The members elected into the gerousia served a life term, and could only be removed by the ephors. The true nature of the gerousia is unknown, but Herodotus wrote the gerousia could serve as a court to hear capital cases. The last political body of the Spartans and possibly the most important is that of the ephors. The five ephors were freely elected each year and attended much of the daily business of Sparta. Each month the kings and the ephors would exchange oaths, to which each pledged to uphold the position of the other. The ephors were the true controlling body of the Spartans, and thus resembled an oligarchy rule. It was this oligarchic rule of the ephors which insisted on the agoge, and placed Sparta into a militaristic focused city-state. The government in Athens followed a very different course than Sparta. Athenian citizens had the duty to vote or hold office. During the 6th century B. C. , Athens instituted a unique form of government in which the citizens had a direct say in the election of leaders. This early form of democracy was lead by Cleisthenes who created the Assembly, which comprised every citizen of Athens, and the Council of Five Hundred. This Council was comprised of fifty representatives from each of the Ten Tribes of Athens. This ensured each tribe had an equal say in the creation of laws and election of leaders. To ensure equality, the law was set that each member of the fifty from one of the ten tribes must not be related, nor hold the same occupation as any other member†¦to ensure there was no nepotism or common vestment. The Council of five hundred represented the legislative body of Athens. The executive power was placed within the Strategus, in which 10 generals were elected into office for one year terms, of these 10 strategi, one was elected as leader of the group and served as commander in chief. The judicial power of Athens was placed with the Areopagus, or the Supreme Court. This body was made up, primarily, of wealthy land owners who had been elected as archons (judges) in the past. This legislative, executive and judicial branched government is reminiscing to all modern day democracies. The major deviation from modern times being that Athens was a direct democracy, in which the citizens had to be present to vote. Each branch of the government was capable of vetoing one another, thus establishing a check and balance system. It was also customary to expel from the country, any speaker who became too powerful, in a process called ostracism. Every year the Council voted and one member would be ostracized (banished) for a period of ten years. Athens would vote by tossing colored rocks into a giant pot. This would be a very time consuming process as each topic would have orators speak on its behalf, and upon conclusion of the debate the voting would begin. The rocks were either white or black, where white stood for approve and black represented a denial. When choosing a person to ostracize, broken shards of pottery called ostrakon would be used with the intended person of exile name, etched onto the shard. You read "Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.)" in category "Essay examples" After all votes were made, the numbers of each were tallied and the victor/ostracized proclaimed. This would take a long time and thus the Athenians prided themselves upon their dedication and attention to detail. This could have lead modern historians to view the Spartans as impulsive, and the Athenians as cautious. This has been a major misconception, as evident by the speech given by King Archidamus of Sparta, in which the Spartan King asked the council to exercise reason and caution before declaring war upon Athens. In turn, Pericles himself urged the Athenians to war against a dominant land army. Another difference between the two great city-states was their daily living and how it affected the trade in the two cities. The Athenian economy was heavily dependent upon foreign trade and because of their location on the Aegean Sea, maritime became life, and the sea meant life and livelihood. While trade was a necessity in Athens, Sparta relied upon their slave labor. The Helots (slaves) of Sparta were the driving force of Spartan agriculture, and allowed for Spartan’s excessive free time to translate into their dedication to the agoge. Since Sparta was cut off from the rest of Greece by two mountain ranges there was little trade being conducted, and thus alliances ere not a suitable strong point of Sparta. The Spartans rarely traveled from their city-state or allowed foreigners into it, thus making the only true vantage of joining Sparta, being that of their reputation in battle. With Sparta being an isolationist state, their perception would have been considered truth and fact, no matter what was written of them. One of the greatest differences between the Athenian and the Spartans regarded the ir attitude towards women. The role of women in the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta sheds light upon the acceptable values of their time. Spartan women had similar equality to their male counterpart (except for voting rights). Spartan women did little housework or sewing, as they relied upon their slave labor to conduct the daily chores. Due to the men being in the military and often away from home, the women had full authority over their households and were not forced into a life of only childbearing and housekeeping. Since Spartan women demonstrated a greater authoritative influence, the nation thrived and became a beacon of advancement, which would truly be a closer resemblance to modern civilizations than Athens. When Athenian girls came of age, their fathers offered them for marriage. Even as wives, they were required to stay indoors at all times, and their primary life tasks were child rearing, housework, and sewing, thus giving them no possibility to contribute to the Athenian’s development and culture. Sparta was uneasy, perpetually concentrating on war and the state of Sparta as a whole, while the Athenians focused their attention on comfort and found time to foster great thinkers in science, philosophy, literature†¦etc. With their differences in government, physical surroundings and views on women, Sparta and Athens represented the two very different ways a polis could have been back in the fifth century of Ancient Greece, and thus set them-selves on a crash course for supreme dominance, but war and battle would hold a true value to the Greeks, and so it was battles which lead to great alliances and enemies. In 478 BC, following the defeat of Xerxes’ invasion of Greece, Pausanias the Spartan led Hellenic forces against the Persians. He was an unpopular commander (who may have conspired with the Persians), and Sparta was eager to stop prosecuting the war. Sparta surrendered the leadership of the ongoing campaign to Athens, whom was eager to accept it. The Athenians now had their opportunity to take the reins and gain glory for themselves and Greece. The Delian League was inaugurated in 477 BC as an offensive and defensive alliance against Persia. The principal cities in the League were Athens, Chios, Samos, and Lesbos, but many of the principal islands and Ionian cities joined the league. Athens led the Delian League from the beginning, though at its founding the treasury was located on the island of Delos, and each state in the league had an equal vote. The assessment due from each state was assigned by Aristides the Just, leader of the Athenians; some members were assessed ships, others troops, others weapons, and others money. A council of all the cities met at Delos regularly, probably when bringing their assessment to the island. The turning point of the Delian league occurred in 461 BC, when Cimon was ostracized, and was succeeded in his influence by democrats like Ephialtes and Pericles. This signaled a complete change in Athenian foreign policy, neglecting the alliance with the Spartans and instead allying with her enemies, Argos and Thessaly. Megara deserted the Peloponnesian league and allied herself with Athens, allowing construction of a double line of walls across the Isthmus of Corinth, protecting Athens from attack from that quarter. Around the same time they also constructed the Long Walls connecting their city to the Piraeus, its port, making it effectively invulnerable to attack by land. The Athenian dominance within the Delian league was unmatched and unquestioned; this led to major changes within the Delian league and Athens. This progression and events will be discussed later within this essay. Reverting back, the Delian league was not the only alliance within Greece, as the Spartan lead Peloponnesian league also took root. In the second half of the 8th century B. C. , Sparta conquered Messenia, a state in the southwest of the Peloponnese. The land was turned over to Spartans and the Messenians turned into helots. The Messenians revolted in the middle of the next century, but after 17 years, the Spartans prevailed. By the time the Spartans were attacking the Arcadian city of Tegea, in the 6th century; her plans for the conquered citizens had changed. Tegea was made a dependent state obligated to furnish troops. Sparta soon created a confederacy of most of the other Peloponnesian states according them a similar arrangement: Sparta was in charge (known as the hegemon) and they would supply troops. Each had its own treaty and sent deputies to help in decision-making. This became known as the Peloponnesian League. Unlike that of the Delian League, the Peloponnesian league has no official start date, as each treaty was collected and approved over time and in that time the tag name of Peloponnesian league was given. This league was formed in recognition of Sparta’s dominance and no misconceptions of that were ever given. Each city-state that joined recognized Sparta’s military power as better than their own, and utilized the Peloponnesian League as a body guard against other city-states looking to invade them. Under the protection of the Spartans, their allies enjoyed a voice when they would have been forced to remain silent. Unlike Athens, the Spartans did not make their allies pay any tribute, but they did ensure they were governed by oligarchies (who would work in the interest of the Spartans). It is important to note: Argolis and Achaea were excluded from this league. Argos and Sparta had been at odds over the territory of Thyreatis. Their first battle had proved to be inconclusive, as the story goes, all but one on the Spartan side and two on the Argive side were killed. The Argives claimed the victory because more survived, and went back home. The Spartan stayed on the spot and therefore claimed he was the victor. The next time the two sides fought, the Argives clearly lost and forfeited the territory to Sparta. With two powerful alliances within Greece, one would conclude that war would have been inevitable; however, Sparta did not want to advance into war with Athens. Athens did not wish to advance into war with Sparta, but the corruption of Athens created a chain of events which spawned the forthcoming war. Thucydides expresses the cause of the Peloponnesian war to be that of Sparta’s jealousy and concern in Athens growing power. This is stated in Book 1 verse 23, when Thucydides states, â€Å"But the real reason for the war is, in my opinion, most likely to be disguised by such an argument. What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta. † This view point is, in my opinion, very closed minded to the whole. The history of the Delian league leads to a better perspective in that the Delian League, particularly the Athenians, were willing to force cities to join or stay in the League. As an example to this, let us examine Carystus, a city on the southern tip of Euboea, who was forced to join the League by military force of the Athenians. The justification for this was that Carystus was enjoying the advantages of the League (protection from pirates and the Persians) without taking on any of the responsibilities. Furthermore, Carystus was a traditional base for Persian occupations. The Athenian politicians had to justify these acts to Athenian voters in order to get votes, and so they utilized oration to sway the public vantage of the situation. Next is Naxos, a member of the Delian League, which attempted to secede, and was enslaved; Naxos is believed to have been forced to tear down her walls, lost her fleet, and her vote in the Delian League. Thucydides tells us that this is how Athens’ control over the League grew. â€Å"Of all the causes of defection that connected with arrears of tribute and vessels, and with failure of service, was the chief; for the Athenians were very severe and exacting, and made themselves offensive by applying the screw of necessity to men who were not used to and in fact not disposed for any continuous labor. In some other respects the Athenians were not the old popular rulers they had been at first; and if they had more than their fair share of service, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce any that tried to leave the confederacy. The Athenians also arranged for the other members of the league to pay its share of the expense in money instead of in ships and men, and for this the subject city-states had themselves to blame, their wish to get out of giving service making most leave their homes. Thus while Athens was increasing her navy with the funds they contributed, a revolt always found itself without enough resources or experienced leaders for war. † -Thucydides At this point it is important to note that Thucydides is an Athenian General, and even though he offers a large writing to state he will approach his historical account with eyewitness testimony and scientific based method†¦he is bound to bias. Even the name most commonly known as the Peloponnesian War is biased upon the Athenian view point. In Spartan record, the war is referred to as the Athenian War. In ancient Greek writings the name of a battle is given to the opposing side, as to infer the enemy started the confrontation and modern translation is inclined to demonstrate this. If at this point one is resistant to this view point, I offer Thucydides own words when commenting on why Athens became the dictator of the Delian League, â€Å"†We have done nothing surprising, nothing contrary to human nature, if we accepted leadership when it was offered and are now unwilling to give it up. † -Thucydides With Thucydides now shown as biased record, the observation of what truly caused the Peloponnesian/Athenian war is to come to light. Athens and Sparta were the superpowers of ancient Greece, with only Corinth possessing the ability to be of notable mention in matching these powers. In 454 BC, Athens moved the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens, allegedly to keep it safe from Persia. However, Plutarch indicates that many of Pericles’ rivals viewed the transfer as Athens way to utilize the leagues monetary resources to fund elaborate building projects. They also switched from accepting ships, men and weapons, to only accepting money. The new treasury established in Athens was used for many purposes, not all relating to the defense of members of the league. It was from tribute paid to the league that Athenians built the Acropolis and the Parthenon, as well as many other non-defense related expenditures. It was during this time, Donald Kagan expresses, and the Athenian Empire arose, as the technical definition of empire is a group of cities paying taxes to a central, dominant city, while keeping local governments intact. This is what began to occur within the Delian League. It was turning from an alliance to an empire†¦against the wishes of the league. With Athens now being the most powerful of the Delian league, the smaller city-states were obliged to remain†¦or join Sparta. The smaller city-states are, in my opinion, the true cause of the Peloponnesian War, as they began to bounce from an alliance with Athens to Sparta and vice versa. If Athens and Sparta are to be viewed as two boulders, connected by a single chain (which represents the smaller city states), as the chain pulls from one to the other†¦the boulders become destined to collide. This situation is reminiscing to England v. France, U. S. A. v. Russia (Cold War) and multiple other wars since the Peloponnesian War. Both sides had many opportunities for diplomacy to take effect, and the outcomes pushed force into the only method of resolution. Diplomacy in Sparta consisted of the allies of the Peloponnese to take up the forum and express their grievances. Corinth laid the foundation and even though the Spartan king attempted to refrain from entering into a war with Athens, the council voted to declare war upon Athens for their many violations of the peace treaty. With that, an ultimatum was sent to Athens; The Spartan assembly decreed that Athens should abandon the siege of Potidaea and should give Aegina her independence, but the chief point was that war could be avoided if Athens would revoke the Megarian decree which excluded the Megarians from all ports n the Athenian Empire and from the market in Attica itself. The Athenians focused upon the latter of the demands, (seeing as they would not yield to the first), and in this Pericles gives a riveting speech to the assembly stating that giving in to any of Sparta’s demands would be an act of submissiveness and that would, in turn, lead to Sparta dictating further A thenian actions. The council voted for war and thus the Athenian war began. This was the final attempt at diplomacy before the two juggernauts squared off against each other. Diplomacy, to this point, has kept the giants in their respective corners, but the inferior city-states pushed them into battle. The Spartans knew of their inferiorities on the ocean, and of their perpetual tether to their homeland†¦and in so, they were limited. The Athenians relied upon their superior numbers, finances, navy and arrogance to see them through as victors. On paper the battle was desperately in the Athenians favor, but Sparta was breed for war, and Athens had turned friends into enemies. Finally, it is important to remember Athens set out with great intention, as the Delian League was a symbol of unity and cohesive teamwork. With that great power, Athens became dependent upon the tributes and became a superpower of monumental stature. Athens then began punishing any of those that wished or attempted to defect from the Delian league. It is now apparent why the Delian league is synonymous with the Athenian Empire, and proof that power leads to corruption. About now, one remembers that Sparta won this conflict, (with the aid of the Persians), and became the supreme ruler of all Greece. True to the Peloponnesian league, Sparta instituted an oligarchy within the borders of Athens, and that lasted for thirty years. It was not corruption that led to the fall of the Athenian oligarchy; it was the people and their customization to democracy. The oligarchy was overthrown and democracy was instilled back into the polis. This demonstrates that not all subjective groups with power will abuse it, but when power is free to be grasped†¦beware. The story continues to demonstrate how Athens and Sparta were so devastated by fighting each other, that Philip of Macedonia was able to sweep in and conquer all of Greece. This set up the perfect opportunity for Alexander the Great, (Philips son) to conquer the known world and spread the greatness of Greece to all corners. Without the Peloponnesian War, Philip would probably not been able to conquer and the Hellenistic theology would have been confined. When viewing epic battles between the boulders of humanity, it is essential to remember; the outcome is necessary for the future line of events to occur. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Donald Kagan, 2003, The Peloponesian War, Publisher: Penguin Group (U. S. A) * Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) * Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) * Paul Cartledge, 2002, The Spartans, Publisher: Vintage Publishing (New York) * Nic Fields, 2007, Thermopylae 480 BC: Last Stand of the 300, Publisher: Osprey Publishing (Oxford UK) * Karolos Papoulias, 2006, Athens-Sparta, Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A. ) * D. M. Macdowell, 1986, Spartan Law, Publisher: Penguin Group (Edinburgh Scot. ) * C. A. Hignett, 1952, History of the Athenian Constitution to the end of the fifth century B. C. Publisher: University of Oxford press (Oxford) * Yannis Lolos, 2006, The history of Athens from the eighth to the late fifth century B. C. , Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A) * Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) ——————————————– [ 1 ] . Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 6. 52 [ 2 ]. Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 5. 6-60 [ 3 ]. Herodotus, The Histories,ed. John Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 5. 40 [ 4 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) Verse 15. 7 of Xenophon â€Å"The Politeia of the Spartans† [ 5 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Constitution of Athens [ 6 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Constitution of Athens [ 7 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 79-85 [ 8 ]. Herodotus hints to this, but quickly states the facts are not there for condemning [ 9 ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian War, Published by Penguin Group (U. S. A. ) [ 10 ]. Lolos, The history of Athens from the eighth to the late fifth century B. C. , 2006, Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (U. S. A) [ 11 ]. Hegemon utilized by Thucydides to describe this relationship [ 12 ]. Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Publisher: Vintage Books (U. S. A) [ 13 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 19 [ 14 ]. Fields, Thermopylae 480 B. C. , 2007, Publisher: Osprey Publishing (U. S. A) [ 15 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 23 [ 16 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 99 [ 17 ]. Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Publisher: Vintage Books (U. S. A) pg. 181 [ 18 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 76 [ 19 ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian War, Published by Penguin Group (U. S. A. ) [ 20 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1. 39 [ 21 ]. I utilize the term Athenian war, because it was the Athenians who ultimately decided to engage in battle, as the Spartans were trying to appease their allies and avoid war as well. How to cite Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.), Essays